De omisiones especializadas: la biomedicina como parte intrínseca de la vida de los pueblos originarios / On specialized oversights: biomedicine as an intrinsic part of life for indigenous peoples

RESUMEN La gran mayoría de los estudios de la medicina tradicional excluyen la existencia de la biomedicina y de las medicinas alternativas y complementarias en la vida de los pueblos indígenas de México y de Latinoamérica en general, pese a que estos pueblos utilizan la biomedicina en forma creciente e intensa. En este texto, he tratado de poner de manifiesto este proceso de expansión biomédica y de declive de la medicina tradicional, a través de información etnográfica referida a distintos pueblos originarios. Esta expansión biomédica se desarrolla a pesar de las varias consecuencias negativas que genera, debido a diversos factores, entre ellos, su eficacia comparativa, que se expresa a través de los usos y la demanda de fármacos, de los servicios biomédicos y, en particular, de la instalación de hospitales en sus comunidades. La población indígena articula los usos de la medicina tradicional y de la biomedicina con la tendencia a utilizar cada vez más la biomedicina, incluso por parte de los curadores tradicionales.

ABSTRACT The vast majority of studies on traditional medicine disregard the existence of biomedicine and alternative and complementary medicines in the lives of the indigenous peoples of Mexico and Latin America in general, despite the fact that these populations increasingly make use of biomedical knowledge more and more intensively. In this text I have attempted to elucidate this expansion of biomedicine and the decline of traditional medicine, through ethnographic information related to different indigenous groups. This expansion of biomedicine takes place despite the various negative consequences it generates due to different factors such as its comparative effectiveness, which is evidenced in the use of and demand for pharmaceuticals, biomedical services, and in particular the construction of hospitals in their communities. The indigenous population combines the uses of traditional medicine and biomedicine with a tendency to increasingly utilize biomedicine, even on the part of traditional healers.

Para além das classificações biomédicas: a experiência do câncer de mama no Brasil, 1990-2015 / Beyond biomedical classifications: breast cancer experience in Brazil, 1990-2015

Resumo Analisa as experiências de adoecimento por câncer de mama de mulheres em tratamento no Hospital do Câncer III do Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro. Argumenta que parte da experiência das mulheres entrevistadas foi construída pela interação entre a convivência familiar e a mobilização de diferentes significados culturais da doença e da feminilidade, negociando sentidos para entidades biomédicas. O estudo resulta de uma pesquisa qualitativa de inspiração etnográfica, que entrevistou mulheres em tratamento de câncer de mama ao longo de 2015. Parte dos depoimentos para discutir a interação da sociedade com as entidades biomédicas para a significação do câncer no Brasil entre as décadas de 1990 e 2010.

Abstract The paper analyses illness experiences of breast cancer in women undergoing treatment at the Hospital of Cancer III of the National Institute of Cancer. It argues that part of the interviewed women's experience was constructed from the interaction between family coexistence and the mobilisation of different cultural meanings of the disease and femininity, negotiating senses for biomedical entities. The study results from a qualitative research of ethnographic inspiration that interviewed women undergoing treatment from breast cancer during 2015. It draws on the accounts to discuss the interaction of society with biomedical entities for the significance of cancer in Brazil between the 1990s and 2010s.

"Tú me dirás: yo, ¿de cuáles soy?": la práctica clínica del Chagas como riesgo latente / "You will ask me: which am I?": the clinical practice of Chagas as a latent risk

Resumen A través de una etnografía basada en la observación, entrevistas a profesionales y el vaciado de documentación, en este artículo describo y analizo cómo, en la práctica clínica del Chagas, la infección es tratada como un riesgo latente. Sugiero que la gestión que se hace de este riesgo ha posibilitado la práctica clínica entre las personas clasificadas en la etapa indeterminada, añadiendo una dimensión de posibilidad (¿va a pasar?) y de potencialidad (¿cuándo y dónde?) que permite tomar acciones tales como la administración de un medicamento o una monitorización permanente. La reificación del riesgo latente como fenómeno gestionable a través de un proceso de medicalización se articula, a su vez, con otras concepciones y experiencias concretas del riesgo entre los grupos afectados. Situar la práctica clínica de dicho riesgo como objeto de estudio es un primer paso para poderlas describir e incluir como realidades en la organización del sistema de salud.

Abstract Drawing on observation-based ethnography, interviews of health personnel and document review, this article describes and examines how, in clinical handling of Chagas disease, infection is treated as latent risk. It suggests that how this risk is managed has enabled a clinical practice to be conducted among people classified as at the indeterminate stage, by adding a dimension of possibility (Is it going to happen?) and potentiality (When and where?). This allows measures to be taken, including administration of medication or permanent monitoring. The reification of latent risk as a phenomenon that is manageable through a process of medicalisation engages, in turn, with other conceptions and specific experiences of risk among the affected groups. Framing the clinical practices deployed to address this risk as objects of study is a first step towards being able to describe and include them concretely in health system organisation.

25 años de legislación biomédica en España / 25 years of biomedical legislation in Spain

Se recoge a continuación el texto de la intervención del Profesor ROMEO CASABONA con ocasión del Acto Conmemorativo “25 Años de Legislación Biomédica en España”, organizado por el Comité de Bioética de España y el G.I. Cátedra de Derecho y Genoma Humano, que se celebró el día 19 de mayo de 2022 en el Congreso de los Diputados, en Madrid. En el acto, que fue presencial y en streaming, intervinieron el Profesor ROMEO CASABONA, Director del G.I. Cátedra de Derecho y Genoma Humano, y Federico DE MONTALVO, Presidente del Comité de Bioética de España, además de otras autoridades y especialistas (Aitziber EMALDI CIRIÓN, Vicente BELLVER CAPELLA, Francisco GRACIA NAVARRO, Marcelo PALACIOS, Antonio ALARCÓ HERNÁNDEZ, Javier SÁNCHEZ CARO, Ricardo DE LORENZO Y MONTERO, Victoria CAMPS, Iñigo DE MIGUEL, Pilar NICOLÁS).(AU)

This paper includes the intervention of Professor ROMEO CASABONA on the occasion of the Commemorative Ceremony “25 Years of Biomedical Legislation in Spain”, organised by the Spanish Bioethics Committee and the Chair in Law and the Human Genome R.G., which was held on 19 May 2022 in the Congress of Deputies, in Madrid. Professor ROMEO CASABONA, Director of the Chair in Law and the Human Genome R.G. and Chair in Law and the Human Genome, and Federico DE MONTALVO, President of the Spanish Bioethics Committee, as well as other authorities and specialists (Aitziber EMALDI CIRIÓN, Vicente BELLVER CAPELLA, Francisco GRACIA NAVARRO, Marcelo PALACIOS, Antonio ALARCÓ HERNÁNDEZ, Javier SÁNCHEZ CARO, Ricardo DE LORENZO Y MONTERO, Victoria CAMPS, Iñigo DE MIGUEL, Pilar NICOLÁS).(AU)

El frente discursivo biomédico, neoliberal y tradicional de la educación: debate en la educación para la salud crítica / The biomedical, neoliberal and traditional discursive front of education: debate in critical health education / Frente discursiva biomédica, neoliberal e discursiva tradicional da educação: o debate na educação crítica em saúde

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los debates teóricos alrededor de la educación para la salud (EpS) identificados en artículos científicos de cinco países de América anglosajona, Europa y Australia, con el fin de aportar a la fundamentación pedagógica de la EpS y su vínculo con la salud pública. Metodología: Estudio documental que utiliza como fuentes de información artículos científicos de investigaciones desarrolladas en Australia, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Canadá y España. Resultados: Se identificaron debates teóricos desarrollados en tres ámbitos de discusión: el estructural, en que se denuncia el mantenimiento de una EpS tradicional, sustentada en una perspectiva biomédica de la salud y un modelo neoliberal imperante; el de las prácticas pedagógicas, desarrollado por una educación débil y funcional al mantenimiento de la reproducción del orden social imperante, y el de las propuestas, desde las cuales se promueven perspectivas pedagógicas alternativas con respecto a la conceptualización de la salud y de la EpS. Conclusiones: Existe un frente discursivo que perpetúa una concepción de salud basada en el modelo biomédico, la hegemonía del modelo neoliberal y la idea tradicional de la EpS, en el marco de una salud pública clásica. Pero también se reconocen perspectivas críticas de la EpS y de la salud pública, que conforman otro frente discursivo contrahegemónico, que busca la transformación del orden social injusto.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the theoretical debates around health education (SPS) identified in scientific articles from five countries of Anglo-Saxon America, Europe and Australia, in order to contribute to the pedagogical base of EpS and its link with public health. Methodology: A documentary study that uses scientific articles from research carried out in Australia, the United States, England, Canada and Spain as sources of information. Results: The theoretical debates developed in three axes of discussion were identified: the structural one, in which the maintenance of a traditional HE is denounced, from a biomedical perspective of health and a current neoliberal model; that of pedagogical practices, developed by a fragile and functional education to maintain the reproduction of the current social order, and that of proposals, from which alternative pedagogical perspectives are promoted around the conceptualization of health and HE. Conclusions: There is a discursive front that perpetuates a conception of health based on the biomedical model, on the hegemony of the neoliberal model and on the traditional idea of HE, within the framework of classical public health. But the critical perspectives of HE and public health are also recognized, which constitute another counter-hegemonic discursive front, which seeks to transform the unjust social order.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os debates teóricos em torno da educação em saúde identificados em artigos científicos de cinco países da América Anglo-Saxônica, Europa e Austrália, a fim de contribuir para a fundamentação pedagógica da EpS e sua vinculação com a saúde pública. Metodologia: Estudo documental que utiliza como fontes de informação artigos científicos oriundos de pesquisas realizadas na Austrália, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Canadá e Espanha. Resultados: Foram identificados os debates teóricos desenvolvidos em três eixos de discussão: o estrutural, em que se denuncia a manutenção de um educação em saúde tradicional, com base em uma perspectiva biomédica da saúde e num modelo neoliberal vigente; a das práticas pedagógicas, desenvolvida por uma educação frágil e funcional para manter a reprodução da ordem social vigente, e a das propostas, a partir das quais se promovem perspectivas pedagógicas alternativas no que diz respeito à conceituação de saúde e educação em saúde . Conclusões: Há uma frente discursiva que perpetua uma concepção de saúde baseada no modelo biomédico, na hegemonia do modelo neoliberal e na ideia tradicional de educação em saúde , no marco de uma saúde pública clássica. Mas também são reconhecidas as perspectivas críticas da educação em saúde e da saúde pública, que constituem outra frente discursiva contra-hegemônica, que busca a transformação da ordem social injusta.

El desafío de las enfermedades (re)emergentes, los límites de la respuesta biomédica y el nuevo paradigma de salud global / The challenge of (re)emerging diseases, the limits of the biomedical response and the new paradigm of global health

Resumen Las "enfermedades infecciosas emergentes y reemergentes" constituyen una creciente amenaza para la hegemonía de la biomedicina, al suscitar no pocos interrogantes sobre la idoneidad de su discurso y prácticas para afrontar el desafío global que representan. Se analiza el proceso de construcción de esta nueva categoría nosológica, y se examinan ejemplos destacados del impacto de las enfermedades (re)emergentes en la salud pública, la seguridad alimentaria y el desarrollo humano a escala global. Se refiere a prácticas irresponsables de sectores de la industria farmacéutica y agropecuaria, determinantes en su desencadenamiento y diseminación; y a algunos fallos cruciales de enfoque y manejo de los tiempos en las políticas de salud global en relación al VIH/sida con desastrosas consecuencias para el África subsahariana.

Abstract "Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases" pose a growing threat to the hegemony of biomedicine, raising questions about whether its discourse and practices can handle the global challenge they represent. The construction of this new nosological category is analyzed in this article, which examines some notable examples of the impact of (re)emerging diseases on public health, food security and human development on a global scale. It discusses irresponsible practices by sectors of the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries which led to the emergence and spread of these diseases; and points to some crucial failures of approach and time management in global health policies on HIV/AIDS, with disastrous consequences for sub-Saharan Africa.

Death and Dying Between Anthroposophy and Biomedicine / A morte e o morrer entre a antroposofia e a biomedicina

Abstract Death and dying constantly provoke debates regarding boundaries, rules and disputes for the legitimacy of different meanings regarding processes of finalizing life. This article places special emphasis on conflicts between the therapeutic system of anthroposophy and biomedicine in Brazil. The reflections contained in the text are based on ethnographic research, carried out in multiple locations between 2012 and 2015, investigating concepts of cure in anthroposophy in three different communities: two in Brazil, and one in Switzerland. Over the course of this journey, our experience as ethnographers led us to reflect on death and dying among the Widows of Demétria, one of the anthroposophical communities in which we conducted our research. Demétria is a rural neighborhood located in the city of Botucatu, in the interior of São Paulo state. The community was first organized during the 1970s, and it consists mostly of women - both Europeans and Brazilians - who live together, sharing a lifestyle that reimagines the ethos of death as a part of the aesthetic project of Bildung, which differs significantly from the conception of the death process in biomedicine.

Resumo A morte e o morrer suscitam continuamente o debate sobre as fronteiras, as regras e a disputa pela legitimidade dos distintos significados que envolvem os processos de finalização da vida. Este artigo busca abordar, especialmente, os conflitos que ocorrem entre o sistema terapêutico antroposófico e a biomedicina no Brasil. As reflexões se dão com base na etnografia multissituada realizada entre os anos 2012 e 2016 que se debruçou sobre a concepção de cura na antroposofia em três comunidades, duas no Brasil e uma na Suíça. Nesse percurso, fomos levados pela experiência etnográfica às elaborações sobre a morte e o morrer das viúvas da Demétria, uma das comunidades antroposóficas investigadas. Demétria é um bairro rural no interior do estado de São Paulo, na cidade de Botucatu, composto na sua maioria por mulheres, europeias e brasileiras, que convivem e partilham de um estilo de vida que reelabora o ethos da morte como um projeto estético de Bildung que difere da concepção do processo de morte na biomedicina.

La revisión por pares pospublicación: otro control de calidad del registro científico en biomedicina / Post-publication peer review: another sort of quality control of the scientific record in biomedicine

Resumen La revisión por pares tradicional atraviesa por crecientes cuestionamientos, dado el aumento en el fraude científico detectado y la crisis de replicación que recientemente se ha presentado en la investigación biomédica. Investigadores, instituciones académicas y agencias de financiamiento activamente promueven el análisis del registro científico y se han desarrollado múltiples herramientas para lograrlo. Diferentes revistas biomédicas se fundaron con la revisión por pares pospublicación como característica; existen varias plataformas digitales que hacen posible este proceso. Asimismo, cada vez hay más revistas biomédicas que permiten comentar artículos publicados en sus sitios web, lo cual también es posible en repositorios de preimpresiones. Sumado a esto, las casas editoriales y los investigadores están usando ampliamente las redes sociales para la difusión y discusión de artículos, lo cual a veces culmina en refutaciones y retracciones.

Abstract Traditional peer review is undergoing increasing questioning, given the increase in scientific fraud detected and the replication crisis biomedical research is currently going through. Researchers, academic institutions, and research funding agencies actively promote scientific record analysis, and multiple tools have been developed to achieve this. Different biomedical journals were founded with post-publication peer review as a feature, and there are several digital platforms that make this process possible. In addition, an increasing number biomedical journals allow commenting on articles published on their websites, which is also possible in preprint repositories. Moreover, publishing houses and researchers are largely using social networks for the dissemination and discussion of articles, which sometimes culminates in refutations and retractions.

Analysis of biomedical Spanish articles retracted between 1970 and 2018. / Análisis de los artículos españoles de biomedicina retractados entre 1970 y 2018.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To analyse articles retracted due to irregularities by authors helps to determine the state of scientific integrity of a discipline or country. The Retraction Watch (RW) database is the largest worldwide database on retracted articles. The objective was to determine the reasons for and features of retracted biomedical articles by Spanish authors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search was conducted in the RW database of 7 types of scientific articles from 9 biomedicine disciplines -biology, genetics, medicine, microbiology, neurosciences, nutrition, dentistry, public health and toxicology-, with at least one author working in a Spanish centre, and published between 1970 and 2018. The features of the articles and the reasons for their retraction were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 18,621 retracted articles, 217 (1%) were by Spanish authors; 155 (74%) were on biomedicine and the types of articles of interest. In most cases, there were several reasons for retracting an article. Research misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism) and duplication were involved in 25% and 35% of the cases, respectively. Twenty-two percent of the articles were retracted due to errors by the authors or the journals. A dentist retracted 18 articles -all from the same journal and in the same year, 2018-, which accounts for 12% of all retracted biomedicine articles. CONCLUSION: The number of retracted biomedicine articles by Spanish authors is low. Research misconduct was a frequent reason, with a similar percentage of articles retracted due to honest errors.

Post-publication peer review: another sort of quality control of the scientific record in biomedicine.

Traditional peer review is undergoing increasing questioning, given the increase in scientific fraud detected and the replication crisis biomedical research is currently going through. Researchers, academic institutions, and research funding agencies actively promote scientific record analysis, and multiple tools have been developed to achieve this. Different biomedical journals were founded with post-publication peer review as a feature, and there are several digital platforms that make this process possible. In addition, an increasing number biomedical journals allow commenting on articles published on their websites, which is also possible in preprint repositories. Moreover, publishing houses and researchers are largely using social networks for the dissemination and discussion of articles, which sometimes culminates in refutations and retractions.La revisión por pares tradicional atraviesa por crecientes cuestionamientos, dado el aumento en el fraude científico detectado y la crisis de replicación que recientemente se ha presentado en la investigación biomédica. Investigadores, instituciones académicas y agencias de financiamiento activamente promueven el análisis del registro científico y se han desarrollado múltiples herramientas para lograrlo. Diferentes revistas biomédicas se fundaron con la revisión por pares pospublicación como característica; existen varias plataformas digitales que hacen posible este proceso. Asimismo, cada vez hay más revistas biomédicas que permiten comentar artículos publicados en sus sitios web, lo cual también es posible en repositorios de preimpresiones. Sumado a esto, las casas editoriales y los investigadores están usando ampliamente las redes sociales para la difusión y discusión de artículos, lo cual a veces culmina en refutaciones y retracciones.

Toxinology in Colombia: contributions of ophidism/scorpionism program and other research groups / Toxinología en Colombia: contribuciones del programa de ofidismo/escorpionismo y de otros grupos de investigación

Background: Toxinology is a sub-field of toxicology dedicated to studying toxins produced by animals, plants and, microorganisms. In Colombia, during the last thirty years, this area has been mainly investigated by Ophidism/Scorpionism Program of Universidad de Antioquia. However, some other research groups have also contributed to our knowledge of venoms and toxins, as well as their related effects and treatments. Objective: to highlight the most significant findings in toxinology made by the Ophidism/Scorpionism Program and other research groups in Colombia. Methods: 119 papers dealing with the history of ophidiology and toxinology in Colombia were collected and analyzed. Results: some useful terms are described to understand toxinology and its scope. Also, a brief history of ophidiology is presented, spanning from the discovery of America until present-day findings. Finally, an overall description of several results related to toxin isolation, characterization, antivenoms, clinical trials, description of new species, proteomic and transcriptomic, among others. The nineteens were characterized by the study of snakebites, their clinic manifestations, and the use of antivenoms. In addition, the ethnopharmacological studies of medicinal plants used in snakebite treatments began to be explored. The 2000s included the newly ethnopharmacology, toxin isolation, clinical trials, inhibitor studies, scorpion venom characterization, and scorpion stings features. Finally, from 2010 until today, proteomic and transcriptomic gave the most important findings. Conclusions: Toxinology works in Colombia have contributed to our knowledge about endemic species, clinical manifestations of snakebite and scorpion stings, and the development of new therapeutic agents. However, we invite Colciencias and other funding agencies to assign more resources to support a higher number of researchers in this field, since snakebite is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization, which needs more attention from governments and scholars. Finally, the venoms of some species and their possible mode of action are still unknown to us. Besides, given the complexity of venoms, we are not yet aware of the potential use of toxins in current biomedicine. Thus, studies in toxinology must continue.

Antecedentes: La Toxinología es el campo de la Toxicología que estudia las toxinas producidas por animales, plantas y microorganismos. En Colombia, durante los últimos treinta años, los estudios realizados en esta área han sido desarrollados principalmente por el Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo de la Universidad de Antioquia. Sin embargo, otros grupos de investigación también han contribuido en el conocimiento de venenos, toxinas, efectos y tratamientos. Objetivo: Destacar los hallazgos más relevantes en toxinología realizados por el Programa de Ofidismo Escorpionismo y otros grupos de investigación en Colombia. Métodos: Se recopilaron 119 artículos referentes a la historia de la ofidiología y la toxinología en Colombia. Resultados: Se describieron algunos términos útiles para el entendimiento de la toxinología y sus alcances. Se construyó una breve historia de la ofidiología que inicia con el descubrimiento de América y finaliza con hallazgos recientes. Se realizó una amplia descripción de varios resultados relacionados con el aislamiento y caracterización de toxinas, antivenenos, ensayos clínicos, descripciones de nuevas especies, proteómica y transcriptómica, entre otras. Así, la década de los noventa se caracterizó por el estudio de las mordeduras de serpientes, sus manifestaciones clínicas, el uso de antivenenos y la exploración de la etnofarmacología asociada a las mordeduras de serpiente. La década del 2000 incluyó nuevamente etnofarmacología, el aislamiento de toxinas, ensayos clínicos, estudios sobre inhibidores de toxinas, caracterización de venenos y picaduras de escorpión. Finalmente, desde 2010 hasta hoy, la proteómica y transcriptómica aportaron los hallazgos más importantes. Conclusiones: Los estudios de Toxinología en Colombia han contribuido al conocimiento de especies endémicas, manifestaciones clínicas de mordeduras de serpientes y picaduras escorpiones, y el desarrollo de nuevos agentes terapéuticos. No obstante, se invita a Colciencias y a otras agencias de financiamiento a apoyar la investigación en este campo, ya que es considerada una enfermedad tropical desatendida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y necesita mayor atención por parte del gobierno e instituciones académicas. Además, dada la complejidad de los venenos, se desconoce el uso potencial de las toxinas en la biomedicina actual. Así, se deben continuar realizando estudios en toxinología.

La ginecología natural en América Latina: Un movimiento sociocultural del presente / A ginecologia natural na América Latina: Um movimento sociocultural do presente / The natural gynecology in Latin America: A sociocultural movement of the present

Resumen Este artículo se propone describir algunas de las características de la Ginecología Natural, a partir de la consideración de su desarrollo como expresión sociocultural emergente en la última década en América Latina. Siguiendo los criterios de la teoría fundamentada, se describen dos de las categorías más comunes en una serie de textos escritos y circulados de manera independiente a lo largo del territorio en los últimos cuatro años. Por un lado, el principio informativo y pedagógico, que traza una trama de saberes recuperados y compartidos entre pares. Por el otro, un cuestionamiento constante de la deriva patologizadora y biomedicalizante de la medicina. Los resultados obtenidos permiten esbozar un ideario compartido, pero en constante transformación.

Resumo Este artigo pretende descrever algumas das características da Ginecologia Natural, com base em seu desenvolvimento como expressão sociocultural emergente na América Latina desta última década. Seguindo critérios da teoria fundamentada, são descritas duas das categorias comuns em textos escritos e circulados de maneira independente nesse território, nos últimos quatro anos. Por um lado, o princípio informativo e pedagógico, que mostra um entrelaçamento de saberes recuperados e compartilhados entre pares. Por outro, um questionamento constante da tendência patologizadora e biomedicalizante da medicina. Os resultados obtidos permitem delinear um conjunto de ideias compartilhado e, não obstante, em constante transformação.

Abstract This article tries to describe some of the characteristics of Natural Gynecology, considering its development as a sociocultural expression that emerged in the last decade in Latin America. Following the criteria of the Grounded theory, two of the most common categories in a series of texts written and distributed independently in the last four years are described. On the one hand, the informative and pedagogic principle, combining information brought from ancient knowledge and from the knowledge that is shared among pairs. On the other hand, a constant questioning of the pathologizing and biomedicalizing drift of medicine. The results obtained allow us to sketch a shared ideology, but in permanent transformation.

Gender: pathways and dialogues between feminist and biomedical studies from the 1950s to 1970s / Gênero: percursos e diálogos entre os estudos feministas e biomédicos nas décadas de 1950 a 1970

Abstract Despite the importance of the concept of gender for feminist studies, its use and meaning in biomedical research on intersexuality during the 1950s has been little problematized in the national feminist literature. This essay aims to map the uses of the term/concept of gender in feminist Anglophone productions in the 1970s and in the field of biomedicine throughout the 1950-70s, in order to understand the paths of the term "gender" and the contexts in which its diverse conceptualizations are produced. We concluded that the term was first used in the biomedical field in the 1950s and that there are important interlocutions between the two fields in the 1960s and 1970s.

Resumo Apesar da importância do conceito de gênero para os estudos feministas, a utilização e a acepção do conceito em pesquisas biomédicas sobre a intersexualidade nos anos 1950 vêm sendo pouco problematizadas na literatura nacional feminista. Para compreender os caminhos percorridos pelo termo "gênero" e os contextos nos quais suas diversas conceptualizações são produzidas, o objetivo deste ensaio é mapear os usos do termo/conceito de gênero em produções anglófonas ligadas aos feminismos dos anos 1970 e no campo da Biomedicina, no período de 1950 a 1970. Constatamos que o termo foi primeiramente utilizado no campo biomédico nos anos de 1950 e que há importantes interlocuções entre os dois campos nas décadas de 1960 e 1970.

Um olhar sociológico sobre o privilégio epistémico da biomedicina: desconstruindo a metanarrativa / A sociological view on the epistemic privilege of biomedicine: deconstructing the metanarrative

Resumo Apesar do crescente reconhecimento público da sua incompletude e da necessidade de a fazer dialogar com outros saberes, a biomedicina continua a figurar como metanarrativa, como modelo médico epistemologicamente superior, definidor e regulador do que se entende por "saber médico". É na persistência dessa representação de superioridade que reside um dos grandes obstáculos - senão mesmo o maior - à criação de uma efetiva ecologia de saberes no campo dos cuidados de saúde. Com base numa revisão da literatura sobre o tema, este artigo toma justamente por objetivo a desconstrução da versão essencialista da superioridade biomédica, evidenciando o modo como essa suposta superioridade é, na verdade, decorrente de um complexo quadro sociocultural de produção histórica. Assim, revisitando a literatura existente, o artigo desenvolve perspectiva condensada em torno dos principais pilares da construção do poder hegemónico da biomedicina no contexto da modernidade ocidental, a saber: (1) a ligação umbilical da biomedicina à ciência moderna e à sua trajetória de colonização; (2) o processo de anatomoclínica e o modo como, por esse processo, a biomedicina se estabeleceu como poder normativo/regulador, passando a auferir legitimidade e proteção por parte dos Estados; (3) a suposta maior eficácia da biomedicina no quadro de sua maior compatibilidade com os novos imperativos capitalistas; e (4) a constituição de forte movimento profissional biomédico e suas estratégias de fechamento na construção de sua hegemonia.

Abstract Despite the growing public recognition of its incompleteness and its need to make it dialog with other knowledges, biomedicine continues to figure as a metanarrative, as an epistemologically superior medical model, defining and regulating what is meant by "medical knowledge". One of the great obstacles - if not the greatest - to the creation of an effective ecology of knowledges in the field of health care lies in the persistence of this representation of superiority. Based on a review of the literature about the subject, this article aims precisely at deconstructing the essentialist version of biomedicine's superiority, showing how this supposed superiority results, in fact, from a complex sociocultural framework of historical production. In this sense, revisiting the existing literature, the article develops a condensed perspective around the main pillars of the construction of the hegemonic power of biomedicine in the context of Western modernity: (1) the umbilical connection of biomedicine to modern science and its colonization trajectory; (2) the anatomical-clinical process and how biomedicine established itself, through this process, as a normative/regulatory power, gaining legitimacy and protection by the States; (3) the alleged greater effectiveness of biomedicine in the context of its greater compatibility with the new capitalist imperatives; and (4) the constitution of a strong biomedical professional movement and its closing strategies in the construction of its hegemony.

Formación de Competencias Informacionales en los profesores de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana / Competence training in information technology for teachers of the University of Medical Sciences of Havana

Introducción: Los desafíos científico tecnológicos caracterizan el siglo XXI, requieren los profesores conocer y desarrollar las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, para gestionar los conocimientos y la superación académica, al desarrollar Competencias Informacionales. Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura publicada sobre competencias informacionales ideas centrales, instituciones, autores y grupos de trabajo más representativos. Material y Métodos: Se realizó revisión bibliográfica de 55 artículos, 21 sobre identificación de Competencias Informacionales. La investigación se enmarcó en un contexto teórico de las Ciencias Biomédicas, desde 2002, hasta 2018. Se localizaron y consultaron a través de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud fuentes bibliográficas validadas. El análisis documental permitió investigar el problema, para desarrollar el proceso docente en la sociedad actual. Resultados: Los autores consultados coinciden en las características de los desafíos científicos tecnológicos. Concuerdan con la situación de los desafíos tecnológicos del sector Salud, en Cuba, sobre el Programa de Alfabetización Informacional, iniciado en 2006. Las propuestas internacionales sobre Competencias Informacionales son una actualización de la versión original publicada en 2008. Se analizan reflexiones de autores y grupos a nivel Internacional. Conclusiones: Se identificaron autores quienes coinciden en los desafíos científicos y tecnológicos que caracterizan este Siglo XXI y enfocan sus trabajos hacia la era de la informatización(AU)

Introduction: The scientific technological challenges characterize the 21st century require knowledge of the use of Information and Communication Technologies in the management of knowledge and academic improvement of professors, who need to develop Information Competencies. Objective: Identify central ideas, institutions, authors and more representative working groups within the published literature on information competencies. Material and methods: A literature review of 55 articles was carried out, 21 on the identification of IC in the teachers. The research was framed in a theoretical context within the field of Biomedical Sciences, from 2002, until 2018. They were located and consulted validated bibliographic sources, through the Virtual Health Library. The documentary analysis allowed to investigate the problem, to develop a teaching process according to the current society. Results: The authors consulted agree on the characteristics of the scientific-technological challenges of the 21st century. They agree on the situation of technological challenges in Cuba and in the Health sector, on the Information Literacy Program, which began in 2006. The international proposals on Information Competencies are an update of the original version published in 2008. Reflections are analyzed of authors and groups at the International level. Conclusions: Authors were identified who agree on the scientific and technological challenges that characterize this 21st century and focus their work towards the era of computerization(AU)

Antropología médica en América Latina 1990-2015: Una revisión estrictamente provisional / Medical anthropology in Latin America, 1990-2015: A strictly provisional review

RESUMEN Se presenta una aproximación provisional sobre lo producido por la antropología médica en América Latina, especialmente, en México y, en menor medida, en Brasil, entre 1990 y 2015, tratando de señalar sus principales aportes, orientaciones y objetivos, pero también planteando críticas y algunas dudas referidas, especialmente, a la omisión del estudio de graves procesos y problemas de salud colectiva. En el artículo se trata de poner en evidencia la importancia de esta disciplina no solo para la antropología, sino también para la biomedicina, planteando la necesidad de complementación, más allá de las diferencias e incompatibilidades que existen respecto, por ejemplo, del uso de las técnicas cualitativas o de las intervenciones y no intervenciones sobre los "usos y costumbres" de los diferentes actores sociales referidos a los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención-prevención.

ABSTRACT The article presents a provisional examination of the production of Latin American medical anthropology, especially from Mexico, and to a lesser degree Brazil, from 1990 to 2015, in an attempt to highlight the discipline's principal contributions, orientations and objectives, but also to pose critiques and doubts, especially with respect to the omission of the study of serious collective health problems and processes. The article attempts to put into evidence the importance of the discipline not only for anthropology, but also for biomedicine, suggesting the need for complementation beyond the differences and incompatibilities that exist regarding, for example, the use of qualitative techniques, and interventions -or lack of interventions- regarding the customs of the different social actors with respect to health/disease/care-prevention processes.

Medicina chinesa/acupuntura: apontamentos históricos sobre a colonização de um saber / Chinese medicine/acupuncture: historical notes on the colonization of a body of knowledge

Resumo O colonialismo ocidental influenciou, a partir do século XIX, o encontro entre saberes tradicional e moderno, resultando na sobreposição da medicina ocidental como modo privilegiado de conhecimento. Em 1958 oficializou-se, sob o nome de medicina tradicional chinesa, a hibridização entre as medicinas chinesa e ocidental e, por meio do desenvolvimento da pesquisa biomédica sobre a acupuntura, cresceu o distanciamento do saber tradicional. Este ensaio aborda mudanças históricas sofridas pela medicina chinesa/acupuntura e discute, sob a óptica pós-colonial, os efeitos de sua absorção pela racionalidade médica moderna. Concluiu-se que o cientificismo na medicina chinesa não ampliou seu potencial terapêutico e resultou na perda de sua autoridade epistemológica.

Abstract Western colonialism influenced the encounter between traditional and modern knowledge from the nineteenth century onwards, resulting in the overlapping of Western medicine as a privileged form of knowledge. In 1958 the hybridization between Chinese and Western medicines became official under the name of traditional Chinese medicine and, through the development of biomedical research on acupuncture, it distanced itself from traditional knowledge. This essay presents historical changes experienced by Chinese medicine/acupuncture and discusses the effects of its absorption by modern medical reasoning from a postcolonial standpoint. The conclusion was that the scientism of Chinese medicine did not broaden its therapeutic potential and resulted in the loss of its epistemological authority.

Current situation of HIV research in Spain. / Situación de la investigación sobre el VIH en España.

Prevention, early detection, clinical follow-up, organisation and management are key elements in the chal-lenges to be addressed in the field of HIV infection in Spain. In addition to these aspects, research repre-sents a transversal element that is highly relevant for building up a comprehensive response against HIV infection. The evolution of HIV/AIDS research in Spain, major milestones and the development of scientific structures are analysed. An economic description of HIV/AIDS research funding in the context of the whole Spanish R&D system is made. In particular, the impact of the economic crisis and budget restrictions and their con-sequences on medical research are considered. Finally, different perspectives on the future of HIV/AIDS research in the global scientific situation are discussed.

Os cuidados em saúde: ontologia, hermenêutica e teleologia / Los cuidados en salud: ontología, hermenéutica y teleología / Care process in the health field: ontology, hermeneutics and teleology

O cuidado em saúde cresce como área de pesquisa e tem sido abordado por novos referenciais. Embora seja um dos atributos necessários à sobrevivência humana, não lhe foram direcionadas análises suficientes para a constituição de uma sociologia dos cuidados. O objetivo deste ensaio é mapear a produção de conhecimento sobre os cuidados, com o fim de desenvolver uma reflexão teórica sobre o tema. Observou-se na literatura: uma ontologia do cuidado biomédico, uma hermenêutica das diferentes abordagens do cuidado e o desafio teleológico do cuidado na contemporaneidade. Conclui-se que os cuidados de base técnico-científica pouco atendem as reais demandas das pessoas, apontando a necessidade de uma abordagem "sócio+lógica" emancipadora dos cuidados.(AU)

El cuidado en salud crece como área de investigación y ha sido abordado por nuevos factores de referencia. Aunque sea uno de los atributos necesarios para la supervivencia humana, no le fueron dirigidos análisis suficientes para la constitución de una sociología de los cuidados. El objetivo de este ensayo es mapear la producción de conocimiento sobre los cuidados, con el fin de desarrollar una reflexión teórica sobre el tema. En la literatura se observó: una ontología del cuidado biomédico, una hermenéutica de los diferentes abordajes del cuidado y el desafío teleológico del cuidado en la contemporaneidad. Se concluye que los cuidados de base técnico-científica atienden poco las demandas reales de las personas, señalando la necesidad de un abordaje "socio+lógico" emancipador de los cuidados.(AU)

The health care is a growing research field and has been addressed through new referential frameworks. Although it is an attribute essential to human survival, it did not receive enough analysis to build a sociology of care. The purpose of this essay is to map the production of knowledge about care, in order to develop a theoretical reflection on the subject. The literature shows an ontology of biomedical care, a hermeneutics of different approaches to care and the teleological challenge of caring in the contemporaneity. As conclusion, the technical-scientific basis of care gives few answers to the real demands of the people, demonstrating the need for a "social + logic" emancipatory approach of the care.(AU)